ABSTRACT
To evaluate the prevalence of obstetrical anal sphincter injuries [OASIS], which include third and fourth degree perineal tears in primigravida in routine versus selective mediolateral episiotomy. Secondly, to determine the rate of episiotomy in local settings. This randomized control trial was carried out in the labor ward of a tertiary hospital of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia between May and October 2009. The trial included 171 primigravida beyond 38 weeks gestation who achieved vaginal delivery, and randomly assigned to selective and routine episiotomy groups. The type of perineal injuries following childbirth among 171 women were evaluated. The overall episiotomy rate from both groups was 76.6%. The prevalence of third degree perineal tears was 3.7% in the routine compared with selective mediolateral episiotomy at 1.1%. There was no occurrence of fourth degree tears in both groups. However, selective mediolateral episiotomy was associated with an increased risk of periurethral and labial injury compared with the routine group [4.5% versus 0%]. Routine mediolateral episiotomy in primigravida is associated with a higher prevalence of obstetrical anal sphincter injuries. As anal sphincter injuries are known to have morbidities, selective mediolateral episiotomy in primigravida is therefore recommended in the implementation of new delivery practice, and in an attempt to reduce our high episiotomy rate
ABSTRACT
Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil in aerosol spray was evaluated against the dengue vectors Aedes aegypti andAe. Albopictus at low cost housing flats in Section 10, Setapak, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Essential oil in aerosol viz: 5% and 10% of concentrations were sprayed for 5 seconds each towards hung mosquitoes in 5 cylindrical net cages. Aerosol weights were recorded before and after spraying to determine discharge rates. Knockdown and mortality number were observed and compared to MS standard aerosol which contain 0.07% prallethrin and 0.05% d-phenothrin as positive control and aerosol contain 40% kerosene and 60% LPG was used as negative control. High knockdown and mortality was observed in both species of mosquitoes towards MS standard aerosol. There was a significant difference [P < 0.05] of mortality and knockdown between 5% and 10% of essential oil aerosol and 5% and 10% essential oil between MS standard. For 5% essential oil, mean percentage [%] of knockdown and mortality of Ae. Aegypti displayed slightly higher compared to Ae. albopictus. Spraying with 5% M. cajuputi essential oil aerosol indicated a knockdown of Ae. Aegypti 5.60 +/- 1.18 and mortality of 22.90 +/- 4.22 while Ae. albopictus showed 4.60 +/- 0.89 knockdown and 20.00 +/- 2.85 mortality. The 10% essential oil concentration gave 23.60 +/- 1.68 knockdown and 48.05 +/- 0.37 mortality for Ae. aegypti. Ae. Albopictus gave 23.00 +/- 3.16 knockdown and 44.20 +/- 2.10 mortality respectively. Extracts of essential oils does possessed an adulticidal effects and could be considered and utilized for future dengue vectors control
ABSTRACT
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among Malaysian women. This study aimed to determine the reproductive for premenopausal breast cancer risk in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A case-control study was conducted in 216 histopathologically confirmed cases of premenopausal breast cancer and 216 community-based controls that were matched by age within a 5-year period and ethnicity. The results of this study showed that premenopausal breast cancer risks were strongly related to parity, number of live births and family history of breast cancer. Premenopausal women with these known reproductive and family history risk factors should take extra measures to undergo appropriate screening method for early detection of breast cancer
ABSTRACT
Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor [TMOF] terminates trypsin biosynthesis in adult and larval mosquito gut. It will inhibit the growth and development of mosquito larvae feeding on it resulting in death by starvation. The objective of this study is to determine the effective dose of Pichia-TMOF and the combination of Pichia-TMOF with Bacillus thuringiensis [Bt] as larvicide on Ae. aegypti larvae. Aedes aegypti first-instar larvae were exposed to various doses of Pichia-TMOF, Bt and combination of Pichia-TMOF and Bt. The development of the larvae were observed and recorded daily during the bioassay larval test until the adult emergence. The results showed that 400 ppm Pichia-TMOF and 300 ppm Pichia-TMOF were able to cause 100% and 67% cumulative mortality on Ae. aegypti larvae on 8th day respectively. At 200 ppm, 100 ppm and 50 ppm concentration Pichia-TMOF showed obvious stunted effect on Ae. aegypti larvae. Moreover, the combination of 400 ppm Pichia-TMOF with 0.1 ppm Bt showed synergistic effect on Ae. aegypti. Pichia-TMOF inhibited trypsin biosynthesis is potential to act in larval gut causing stunted growth and larval development and causing mortality. The combination of Pichia-TMOF and Bt increased the effectiveness in causing larval mortality
ABSTRACT
The efficacy of piper aduncum essential oil was evaluated against Periplaneta Americana adults and nymphs in the laboratory. The plant essential oil at varying concentrations ranging between 10,000 to 80,000 ppm were placed inside glass beakers, rolled horizontally to ensure the essential oil covers all sides of the beakers and exposed to adults and nymphs of P. americana. Resigen [r] lppm was used as positive control and distilled water as negative control. The LT50 and LT90 was obtained using Log Probit programme. Exposure of essential oil to females P. americanca at concentrations between 10,000 to 80,000 ppm indicated the LT 50 and LT90 values between 5.31 h- 189.19 h and 14.90 h- 2105.31 h, respectively. Treatment with the same concentrations against males P. americana, the LT50 LT 90 were 2.08 h- 181.73h and 5.4 h - 8460.51 h, respectively. Treatment against the nymphal stage with the same range of concentrations indicated the LT 50 and LT 90 of 4.68 h- 381.02 h and 28.71h - 5313.36 h, respectively. The nymphs and males were more susceptible than the females cockroaches. Treatment with Resigen [R] at 1ppm indicated much lower LT 50 and LT 90 values of 2.54h- 9.47h for the females, 1.47h -4.22 h for the males and 4.69 h - 8.92 h for the nymphs. The negative control indicated no mortality for all stages of the cockroach. Piper aduncum essential oil can be used as an alternative natural product for controlling the cockroach Peripatetic americana
Subject(s)
Periplaneta , Oils, Volatile , Cockroaches , Adult , Plant Oils , Plants, MedicinalABSTRACT
The residual effect of triflumuron and pyriproxyfen on Musca domestica L larval stages was studied in the laboratory. Both IGRs at varying concentrations ranging between 0.5 to 2.5 mg/L were placed inside beakers with mice chow and vitamin B complex and water as food for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars M.domestica larvae. Both IGRs inhibit M. domestica adult emergence of 98-98.5% when applied at the lowest concentration of 0.5 mg/L on the 1st instar, 93-97% of adult emergence inhibition on the 2nd instar, and 91-97% of adult emergence inhibition on the 3rd instar larvae respectively. There was no significant difference between triflumuron and pyriproxyfen on housefly adult emergence inhibition when fed to the 1st, 2nd and 3rd instars M.domestica larvae [P> 0.05]. However, there was a significant difference between the IGRs and the control [P< 0.05]. Both triflumuron and pyriproxyfen are effective in inhibiting adult emergence of housefly M domestica and therefore should be recommended for fly control particularly in chicken farms and dumping grounds in Malaysia for housefly control activities
Subject(s)
Insecta , Pyridines , Houseflies/drug effects , Larva/drug effects , Insect ControlABSTRACT
Bifenthrin and Acorus calamus Linn extract were evaluated against dengue vectors in the laboratory. Both Bifenthrin and Acorus calamus Linn crude hexane extract were bioassayed against the adults and larval stages of dengue vectors Aedes aegypti L. and Aedes albopictus[Skuse] in the laboratory. The A. calamus crude hexane extract exhibited a larvicidal activity against 4th-instar Ae. aegypti larvae with LC50 and LC90 values of 0.4418 and 11.3935 ppm respectively. The plant crude extract exhibited against Ae. albopictus larvae with a higher LC50 and LC90 values of 21.2555 ppm and 36.1061 ppm, respectively. There was a significant difference on the effect of A. calamus extract on both Aedes spp. Larvae [P< 0.05]. However, bifenthrin showed a significant difference on larvicidal effect to that of A. calamus hexane extract on both Aedes spp [P< 0.05]. In testing the adulticidal activity, this plant extract exhibited the LC50 and LC90 values of 17.4075 and 252.9458 ppm against Ae .aegypti and a higher LC50 and LC90 values of 43.9952 and 446.1365 ppm respectively on Ae. albopictus. There was no significant difference on the effect of A. calamus extract on both Aedes spp adults [P> 0.05]. Bifenthrin however showed a significant difference on both Aedes spp adults [P< 0.05]. With the wide availability of A. calamus in Malaysia, it could be utilized for controlling dengue vectors
Subject(s)
Insecta , Acorus , Plant Extracts , Aedes/drug effects , Hexanes , DengueABSTRACT
In Southeast Asia, Aedes aegypti [L.] has been incriminated as principal vector of dengue viruses and Ae. albopictus as the secondary vector of dengue fever. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of three formulations of pyrethrin derived from Tanacetum cinerariaefolium against the dengue/dengue haemorrhagic fever vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus in the laboratory. The testings employed 2 methodologies: the WHO Larval Bioassay and WHO Adult Bioassay. The results showed that all the three pyrethrin formulations had larvicidal and adulticidal activities. The impact of the sublethal doses of pyrethrin formulations on Aedes spp. larvae resulted in 4-6% of alive adult emergence compared to 90% of Ae. aegypti emerging adults and 96% Ae. albopictus alive adult emergence in the control. The impact of sublethal doses of the pyrethrin formulations caused very low fecundity on both Aedes spp. compared to the control [P< 0.05]